Project

Ubuntooth
an operating system for digital dentistry based on Ubuntu
focus on OpenSource and Free software

Giorgino Vincenzo


University of Insubria, Varese, Italy


drvg@studiogiorgino.com
Abstract
Purpose: create an operating system optimized for dental use that can be installed on a personal computer and that can be used directly from USB key without installation, with the pre-installation of the more interesting softwares to use in the workflows of digital dentistry (with a special attention to the free software, the OpenSource and the open free formats), and that can create around the operating system a community of users and developers who can constantly bring new life to the project via a website/portal thanks to the tools that the network offers.  Materials and Methods: as a basis for the operating system will be used the LTS versions of Ubuntu, currently 14.04, or its derivatives, depending on the trend of the moment and the custom of the author and the community. Results: is possible to use an operating system ready to use in digital dentistry workflows thanks to Gnu-Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, Mint, and all the IT developers who develop excellent softwares used in digital workflows that are taking more and more importance in the dental practice. Conclusions: Ubuntooth is an operating system based on Ubuntu or its derivatives, configured with the best that can currently be for dentistry according to the tastes of the author and the Ubuntooth community. The brainchild of the author and grew up within the Master in Digital Dentistry of the University of Insubria, with the hope that a community of users and developers will grow around it. The aim is to improve it becoming a useful tool in the hands of dentists who wish to use it in their digital workflows, and who are sensitive to the world of OpenSource and free software, but this in not a binding constraint, because first of all Ubuntooth wants to be a practical tool.
Introduction
With digital dentistry we are witnessing a revolution of all the workflows related to the world of dentistry. The use of computers in everyday practice it happened with the use of the so-called management softwares for data management of patients and their medical records, and, of course, for the accounting of the studio. These were be joined by diagnostic tools such as softwares for cephalometry or for planning and placement of implants. With the arrival of digital photography, there was more material to be recorded. The advent of the 3D, of the use of data derived from the CBCT and of the facial and intraoral optical scanners together with the use of milling machines and 3D printers have given rise to all the workflows Cad Cam representing the present and the future of our work.
Let's take a tangible example: when there is a patient in our studio for an implant-prosthetic rehabilitation, once acquired the digital data that we need, we can make a diagnosis, plan our implant-prosthetic rehabilitation, place the implants exactly where we want into the bone of the patient, plan the surgical template design, the shape, the aesthetic and the function of the prosthesis that will rehabilitate our patient, have a preview of the final result... everything thanks to the data that we acquired in the beginning. If we are satisfied with our "CAD" project, we can also move to the "CAM" phase by printers or milling machines to have in the studio the model of what we have planned or, if desired, directly the final artifacts. We could even simulate a virtual articulator where, knowing the characteristics of the materials and their dynamic use when it is placed in the mouth, identify any points of stress where to intervene by providing what might be the failures in the long term, from a simulation in 3D to one in 4D. All of this without having to call up the patient for further tests, dental impressions, without any analog step (the patient and all his data become "virtual" and they are always available to be analyzed by the clinician). It is clear that, in this workflow, the tools of digital data acquisition play the main part of the job, thanks to the accuracy of the instruments, the thorough knowledge of the materials that we are going to use, but, above all, thanks to the software. It is through the programs that we can process data, make diagnosis, design our rehabilitation, perform milling or printing model with our machines. Is it possible to manage the workflow described with an operating system which includes in itself already all you need in the installation phase so we can be immediately operative?
Ubuntooth genesis
In the dentistry world the proprietary systems have always been the masters, and, of course, especially the operating system Windows by Microsoft. In the past, the use of computers in the dentistry field was a marginal part in the flow of work and, if there was a device that needed a computer to work, it was combined with a software, distributed under license from the same company that provided the hardware, which, in the most of the cases, required the payment of royalties for licenses and updates. Normally these softwares give some closed files that can not be used by other programs unless the company which released the program decide to do so, in this case the customer doesn't have any right about his own files, he can just respect what the company says, in a passive way, and without allowing any control of the file. The market of dentistry has been, and still is today, a niche market compared to the whole sanitary one, but it is also a very active market, which always attracted large and small companies related to its sector, thanks to the investment ability of the dentists. His being, however, limited only to the dental field, have never really pushed the informatics developer community linked to the free software to create programs dedicated to dentistry, community that, actually, in the medical, engineering and diagnostics fields it has always been very active and has been developing and releasing excellent softwares for a long time already. Today the latest developments in the systematic CAD CAM linked to new digital workflows that are changing the world of dentistry can be also managed by these softwares, thanks to their open source nature, but sometimes their utilization is still unfriendly. Plus we are also observing the interest of some developer groups, often linked to universities or important research centers, which, recognizing the quality and the enormous potential of these softwares, but also the huge number of functions that make them so complete but also unfriendly, are creating some projects or are implementing them with specific parts optimized for the dentistry use.
Why do we need to use OpenSource or free software to manage work flows, even if they are not dedicated softwares and so the learning curve will be harder to be improved? And, what's the point, if all the digital workflows related to the world of digital dentistry are linked to the proprietary operating systems, about using an unpopular operating system and based mainly on the free software?
The purpose of this article is not intended to show that the OpenSource software is better than the closed one or vice versa, or that a system based on GNU-Linux is better than a proprietary system such as Windows (Microsoft) or OS X (Apple), but it wants only to highlight a different method to deal with digital workflows. Will then be up to each dentist deciding how best to manage his workflow in the economy of his studio, bearing in mind that the choice of a system does not exclude the other one.
Proprietary software and open source software
We have to remember that in the past there were no licenses for the programs. It was in the 80s that was born the proprietary software and, consequently, some programmers (the most famous is certainly Richard Stallman) gave life to the free softwares. Today there are many types of closed licenses and OpenSource. All those OpenSource have in common the ability to study the source code of the program. We can cite some famous OpenSource softwares like Firefox, OpenOffice or LibreOffice, Gimp, VLC, or even OpenSource operating systems like Android, GNU-Linux or BSD, from wich it derives MacOS X. Their closed counterparts might be Internet Explorer, Office, Photoshop, Windows Media Player, or for operating systems iOS, Windows or Mac OS X. Every day, more or less consciously, we use the ones and the others, by choice or necessity, but there is no winner between open or closed, both are very popular and used and they can easily coexist.
Software OpenSource and free software
In the environment of OpenSource licenses, not all of them are included in the free software. For example, the Apple Public Source License, which is part of the OpenSource licenses, it does not work according to the mechanisms of the copyleft, so the softwares distributed under this license can not be considered free. An OpenSource license is free if the copyleft is the mainstay of the license. With the copyleft, the author allows anyone to use, modify, study and distribute the software, and it is opposed to the copyright, where only the author, or those who take the copyright, can use the software.
Proprietary Format and open format
When you purchased the digital data you're working with files. These files can be in a open or in a proprietary format. The proprietary format or called also "closed" is developed by a software company, can be patented and can be processed only by the programs of the same company or third-party companies that have been licensed. These formats are associated with proprietary softwares. The open formats, associated with proprietary software and OpenSource software, are generally (but not exclusively) developed with standards set by public authorities and/or international institutions whose aim is to establish rules to ensure the interoperability between softwares. With the same quality of a format, the open formats would be preferable in all the sectors and, in the medical/dental one, the possibility about having open standards, as well as promoting the interoperability of data between programs, ensures the accessibility and the continuity of the records, thus the reader always has the guarantee of being able to read and edit the files, ensuring a perfect transparency of the content of the data exchanged. Let's think about the importance of DICOM or STL formats, which are increasingly used in the digital dental workflows, the first regarding the standards for communication, such as display, storage and printing biomedical images; and the second one for a rapid prototyping of our CAD model.
In order to create an operating system that is first of all an effective business tool, it was decided to not exclude a priori those softwares and those formats which do not follow the canons of the Free Software Foundation, but, of course, with equal ease of use will be always privileged the "open" standards than the "closed" ones.

Materials and methods

The operative system

Ubuntooth is a derivative of Mint (fourth operating system most used in the world), created by Clement Lefebvre, which, in turn, is derived from Ubuntu (currently used by more than 20 million people in the all planet), produced by Canolical Ltd, company founded by Mark Shuttleworth. Ubuntu itself derives from Debian, an operating system created in 1993 by Ian Murdok as a distribution that meant to be truly open, in the style of Linux and GNU. A GNU/Linux distribution (in the slang called distro), is a software distribution that establishes an operating system based on the using systems family, a Linux kernel, complete with usefull elements of the GNU project. The decision of basing Ubuntooth on Linux Mint is simply because, since I have to deal with an audience of users not much aware of the GNU/Linux universe, the project has been derived from the distro which, at this time more than any other, can be perceived as "friendly" to those accustomed to proprietary operating systems such as Windows or OS X.
Create a derivative of an operating system GNU/Linux is, in a free software and OpenSource world, a practice that the same developers encourage. Sometimes this can be confusing for the people who are facing for the first time the GNU/Linux world (currently the site DistroWatch counts around 300 active distributions) but, actually, the real strength of this system is that everyone can take the work made by others and make it their own, improving it with new ideas, using it for personal purposes or redistributing it to the community, but without, in almost all the situations, be able to close or erase it, because the code of these projects is protected by copyleft.
A distro like Ubuntu born mainly for the convenience of the final user, the dentist. Any person, keeping in mind the current situation of the main GNU/Linux distributions in the market, could install on his personal computer an operating system like Linux-based, looks for all the softwares that he needs, installs them, and then creates a Live-installed system with everything inside ready to use. I just wanted, leveraging my informatic skills combined with the passion for dentistry and the enthusiasm that gave me the "Master in Digital Dentistry", carry on this project because anyone can, with a single simple installation, take advantage to all the programs that he might need, ready to use. For example looking online I found Lin4Neuro, a customized version of Ubuntu 14.04. Lin4Neuro is a GNU-Linux distribution developed by the University of Tsukuba, Japan, ready to use for the analysis of biomedical images, very suitable for neurological investigations. Initially the idea was to derive Ubuntooth from this magnificent work but the huge amount of preinstalled programs, of great interest in the analysis of neuroimaging, were not entirely relevant in the field of dentistry, and, therefore, I chose to start from zero by making a careful selection of the softwares that could be more useful in the dentistry world.
Ubuntooth can currently be installed on the virtual machine, it can be used live without being installed on your computer or can be installed on AMD64 hardware like any distro based on Ubuntu. I didn't take into account other architectures because it would make no sense to install a distribution created to use softwares that requires important calculations based mainly on three-dimensional data with low-power machines without any dedicated graphics cards, but it doesn't mean that it might not be done in the future.
From Ubuntu (Linux Mint) to Ubuntooth: first steps
There are many ways to create an operating system based on Ubuntu (or official derivatives), and are based on simple programs that, once installed, can create an ISO file. This can be burn on DVD or pendrive (for example, using the multi-platform software UNetbootin, or Rufus for Windows), or may run on a virtual machine that emulates the architecture of the operating system in order to install the distro, like Oracle VirtualBox. I still remember that the only architecture chosen for Ubuntooth is AMD64.
Decide from which Ubuntu or derivative of Ubuntu start it is a matter of taste. The author decided to use Linux Mint because, in his experience, it is the most familiar distro to start with for those people who looks for the first time in the Ubuntu-Linux world. It's a solid, stable and well tested distro, carried out by excellent developers who were able to take the best from Ubuntu and Debian, designed to be used every day, based on versions LTS (Long Time Support) of Ubuntu (thus supported officially by Canonical for 5 years), with an intuitive interface that reminds a little Windows and with a software manager easy to use and packed with programs, which broadened the distribution.
The chosen version of Linux Mint is the 17.3 Rose "Cinnamon 64-bit Edition". Depending on your tastes, you can opt for any version of Ubuntu LTS, from the official to various flavours (that change the desktop environment) or other famous derivatives like Elementary Os. Infact you could have been strarting from any Linux distribution (Debian, Fedora, OpenSuse, etc.), the choice of Ubuntu LTS is due to the fact that, currently, is the most spread Linux distribution within the clients and the one that the author knows better.
Once downloaded and installed you have to choose the program to personalize the distro and burn it. The choice was Pinguy Builder, which plays in an easy and intuitive way its duty. Once done the first burn test, to check that the distro rebuilding process works, you just have to choose the software.
Criteria in the softwares selection
The identity of a Linux distribution depends on the different programs (called, more properly, packages) that are pre-installed. The softwares that I have considered must have the following features, or at least most of these:
  • be multi-platform (i.e. run on at least 2 of the 3 major operating systems indifferently within the desktop such as Windows, MacOS X and GNU-Linux);
  • easy access source code;
  • strong community of developers behind, preferably if supported by universities or research institutes;
  • recognized licenses capable to satisfy the principles of the free software (GPL, MPL or BSD);
  • be useful in a digital workflow within dentistry;
  • been used during the tests in the Digital Dentistry Master or at least taken into account by the professors or the graduating master students.
The softwars
DICOM category
3DSlicer: It is a multi-platform software distributed with free license BSD, free and OpenSource. This software project was made possible by the participation of some departments of the US National Institutes of Health, including the communities of the National Alliance for Medical Image Computing, the Neuroimage Analysis Center, the Biomedical Informatics Research Network, the Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology and the National Center for Image-Guided Therapy. The financial support comes from several federal sources, including the National Center for Research Resources, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, the "Roadmap" of the National Institutes of Health, the National Cancer Institute, the National Science Foundation and the Department Of Defense.
The Slicer 3D abilities include:
  • ability to read and write (to anonymize) DICOM images and a number of other formats;
  • Interactive visualization of images, triangulation of 3D surface models and volume rendering;
  • manual editing;
  • merger and co-"registering" (data fusion of two images at different times) using transformation algorithms rigid and non-rigid;
  • automatic segmentation;
  • analysis and data visualization of imaging tensor diffusion;
  • tracking devices for image-guided medical procedures.
The slicer.org website offers resources (source code, explanatory pdf) for those who want to improve the design and applications of Slicer. There are several tutorials and instructions, as well as a large community of developers and a slicerWiki that in addition to the frequently asked questions can help to solve specific problems.
3DSlicer was the software most used during the exercitations of the Master.
3dslicer was included in the distro in usr/local by taking it directly from the website.
ITK-Snap:  Software developed by the Consortium Insight Software, USA, whose main purpose is the segmentation, in fact we often used ITK-Snap to segment in the Master's exercitations.             
ITK-Snap is in Mint Software Center but has been included in the distro in usr/local by taking it directly from the website to get the latest version.
Volview: intuitive and interactive software used for visualization of volumes that allows you to explore and analyze complex 3D data, medical or scientific, quickly. The 3D tools include rendering of volumes. Developed by Kitware.
Volview was used in the exercitations of the master.
Volview was included in the distro in usr/local by taking it directly from the website.
ImageJ: can view, edit, analyze, process, save and print images in 8, 16 and 32 bit. It can read many image formats including TIFF, GIF, JPEG, BMP, DICOM, FITS and "raw". It manages "stack": a series of images that share a single window. A program that can not be missing in the analysis of medical images. Developed by Wayne Rasband at the Research Services Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
ImageJ is in Mint Software Center.
Ginkgocadx: CADx ginkgo is a powerful DICOM viewer and dicomizer (convert png, jpeg, bmp, pdf, tiff to DICOM). Easy to use when you need only to view images and volumes.
Ginkgocadx is in Mint Software Center.
CAD-CAM Categories
FreeCAD: is a multi-platform software distributed under free licence GPL and LGPL, free and OpenSource. It has an important community of developers behind and aims to provide a free alternative to proprietary software like AutoCAD or CATIA. It's a CAD design software that is designed primarily for mechanical engineering, but can be used in any field, including the design of dental artifacts.
FreeCAD was used during the Master for the creation of virtual probes for the placement of the implants.
FreeCAD is in Mint Software Center.
Meshlab: is a multi-platform software distributed under the free licence GPL, free and OpenSource. It was founded in 2005 at the University of Pisa, and is developed by Visual Computing Lab of the Institute of science and technology of the CNR in Pisa (Isti). The software is dedicated for the elaboration of images and three-dimensional models.
MeshLab was often used to display models STL.
MeshLab is in Mint Software Center.
Blender: is a multi-platform software distributed under the free licence GPL, free and OpenSource. It allows modeling, rigging, animation, compositing and rendering of three-dimensional images. It is led by the Blender Foundation and was also used in huge professional projects as a primary tool, for example in the movie Spiderman2.
Blender is a software with enormous potential which is used in dentistry for the creation of surgical guides and implant placement as you can see from the numerous articles and tutorials in the network, including some of the University of Insubria.
Blender is in Mint Software Center.
Meshmixer: although not OpenSource (but free) Meshmixer was inserted between the software present in Ubuntooth for its intuitiveness and ease of use and for being repeatedly used during the Master practices. It is a powerful and easy software developed by Autodesk.
Meshmixer was installed by downloading the Ubuntu package directly from the website.
Cloudcompare: processing 3D cloud points software (and mesh). Was used just once during the Master.
Cloudcompare was installed via PPP available on the website.
Cura: OpenSource software developed by Ultimaker for its own printer, but it was made public for all, serves to convert a 3D file in a readable layer file for 3D printers. Added in Ubuntooth to have a program to print our 3D model. I had no chance to test it.
Cura has been installed by downloading the Ubuntu package directly from the website.
PyCAM: PyCAM is a toolpath generator for 3-axis CNC machining. Upload 3D models in STL format or 2D contour models from DXF or SVG. The resulting GCode can be used with EMC2 or any other controlling machine. I didn't have the opportunity to test it.
PyCAM was installed by downloading the Ubuntu package directly from the website.
Makehuman: MakeHuman is a free software for 3D modeling of human characters.
Interesting in the perspective of the virtual patient and the faces modelling.
Makehuman is in Mint Software Center.
Graphics category
Gimp: GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a program for creating and editing digital images. It is a multi-platform program: there are versions for most of the operating systems, including Linux, OS X and Microsoft Windows, and it was released under the GNU GPLv3+ license, thus is a free software.
It is mainly used for the creation of logos and photo-editing operations. In addition to resizing and cropping images, it allows to make photomontages, conversions between formats and animation (eg GIF). It is often used as a free software replacement for Adobe Photoshop, best known for its use in the professional sector, for editing and printing digital images (although GIMP is not a clone of Photoshop). It can be used in the field of Digital Smile Design.
Gimp is present by default in Linux Mint.
Inkscape: Inkscape is a free vector drawing based on Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). It is an alternative to Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia Freehand, Corel Draw and Xara Xtreme.
Inkscape is in Mint Software Center.
Krita: Krita is a program for drawing and editing images distributed under GPL licence. It is well suited for Digital Smile Design.
Krita is in Mint Software Center but was added a PPA for a newer version.
Karbon: Karbon is a design software, especially regarding vector graphics.
Karbon is in Mint Software Center but was added a PPA for a newer version.
Internet Category
Openkanino: web app management for dentists. It requires registration.
Openkanino is a hyperlink managed by Firefox.
SculptGL: web app for 3D modeling.
SculptGL is a hyperlink managed by Firefox.
Onshape: 3D CAD system completely in the cloud that allows multiple people, with registration, to work simultaneously on a project.
Onshape is a hyperlink managed by Firefox
There is also, in the Internet category, the following link www.digital-dentistry.educational, in tribute to the Master in Digital Dentistry.
Altro software utile aggiunto
Wine: Wine (Wine is not an emulator, a recursive acronym, translated into Italian with Wine is not an emulator) is a software written in C originally created for GNU/Linux operating systems, then extended to other operating systems, with the aim of allowing the running of programs developed for Microsoft Windows operating system.
Wine has been added to the distro for those who want to install Sculptris or SketchUP (or other programs that run only on Windows) can do it by using WINE as perfectly compatible (tested on Ubuntooth by the author).
Wine is present in the Mint Software Center.
Playonlinux: PlayOnLinux is a Wine graphical interface written in Python language that aloud the execution and installation of applications. Install Windows software in Linux with wine is simple, with PlayOnLinux even more.
PlayOnLinux is present in Mint Software Center.
Plank: Added a simple dock for dock lovers.
Plank was installed via PPP available on the website.
Gnome-Pie: a highly configurable and flexible launcher that can interact with Plank.
Gnome-Pie was installed via PPP available on the website.
Teamviewer: is always useful to have a good software for remote assistance.
TeamViewer is been installed by downloading the Ubuntu package directly from the website.
Simple Screen Recorder: Useful app to create screencasts from spreading in the network.
Simple Screen Recorder was installed via PPP available on the website.
Menulibre: Application used to edit the menu items of Cinnamon.
Menulibre is in Mint Software Center.
Pinguy Builder: is the program used to build Ubuntooth.
Pinguy Builder is been installed via PPP available on the website.
Chromium: is an OpenSource web browser from which Google Chrome come from.
It's always good to have two different browsers in a distro, I remember that Mint uses Firefox as default.
Chromium is present in Mint Software Center.


Results

To reate a Linux distribution it took a long time. The result is functional, tested in virtual environment, in DVD and in USB live/installable pendrive. The system was tested on 5 machines with compatible hardware and Nvidia graphics card and, in all cases, it has been properly installed with the completely acknowledgment of the hardware. It connects to the network and all the programs work properly. All the packages are updated to 12.18.2015. Have been created some copies in DVD to give to the participants of the Master and to leave them at University. A version of Ubuntooth will soon be downloadable from www.ubuntooth.com to be made available to anyone who wants to test it.

Conclusions

Because an operating system like Ubuntooth can be meaningful and not remain a mere exercise in style by the author, there is the need to have a university or a research center that supports it officially, in this case it is hoped that the University of Insubria and the Masters in Digital Dentistry want to take this initiative. It is just thanks to the enthusiasm of new users, which in turn can become developers themselves, thank to the high quality of digital level that is now present in the new generations, so-called "digital natives", that the project can take off, under the aegis of a prestigious institution as the university.
For now Ubuntooth is, and remains, in fact, just an experiment, partly because the author himself, though he firmly believes in the real potential of an operating system based on Ubuntu optimized for the use in digital workflow in dentistry, it is also well aware that a project of this kind can not be carried on just by one person, unless this person cannot devote a lot of time and resources to the project.
You could imagine to create around Ubuntooth (which is just a name chosen within the Master, and that could be replaced in the future with a one more pertinent to the project), a series of initiatives such as: a more interactive website (currently there is a website, www.ubuntooth.com, which remains only as a showcase for the project); links to the most popular social; a video channel where the users can upload their digital worflow... An operating system specifically for dentists wich, if it wants to call developers from all over the world, should be hosted by GitHub or SourceForge, and added to DistroWatch. It might be interesting if it is pre-installed on dual boot or triple-boot alongside Windows and OS X to appreciate the merits and limitations of the product compared to the two most popular operating systems in the world and it will need some video tutorials that can really show the actual use in daily practice, which is why the distro includes tools for creating screencasts.
Moving on to the less important things, the distro would need an own identity, a brand, which can be easily recognized by the wallpaper, color scheme, logo, screen saver, welcome message, and any other customizations and fine-tuning more or less necessaries. All of this is possible, but, simply, the author preferred to neglect this aspect at this time, in the absence of a clear idea.
To define itself a proper operating system ready to use for digital workflows inherent in dentistry, Ubuntooth lacks such as a library of teeth and implants in different sizes freely downloadable to be integrated in CAD softwares or in plugins of some specific softwares that often are part of digital workflows, but this can have some limits if used by an ordinary dentist, not much "digitalized". An example could be a plugin for 3DSlicer to visualize the CBCT like Panorex, with references to axial sections to facilitate those dentists who use to read the CBCT like Dental scan.
With great regret it was not possible to involve the version of 3DSlicer 4.5 forkata group of Lucia Cevidanes and Ruellas Antonio of the University of Michigan, i.e. SlicerCMF 2.2, because there wasn't a final version yet, compiled by the developers in order to be run in linux. These are precisely the softwares that can represent the "added value" in a distro like Ubuntooth. It was promised, let's hope to upload them really soon.
Do not underestimate that Ubuntooth and all of the softwares contained therein do not require any financial commitment for the users. This surely can be a motivation for anyone to use the distro, also because the most famous programs are often not that different from the OpenSource or the freeware ones, and then, if you want to make different choices because you are more confortable with other softwares, learning how to use Blender, Gimp or 3DSlicer is a great exercize to be able to face programs as Rhinoceros, Photoshop or Mimics, just to mention a few.
With this work the author hopes to give something back to a community that has given to him so much over the years, the one linked to the Gnu-Linux, OpenSource and freesoftware world. Until today "Ubuntooth" is a version of Linux Mint 17.3 with pre-installed some softwares and some customizations. The network is full of works like this. But if the idea will be pleased, could attract other developers and users, and so could create a strong community around it, and could make Ubuntooth a distro with its own identity and unique features, that may be helpful for the entire category of dentists, at least according to the author.
I thank the Master in Digital Dentistry of the University of Insubria and Professor Aldo Macchi for giving me this opportunity.

References

[1] BMC Med Imaging. 2011; 11: 3. Pubblicato online 2011 Jan 25. doi:  10,1186 / 1471-2342-11-3 PMCID: PMC3040700
Lin4Neuro: una distribuzione Linux personalizzata pronti per l'analisi di neuroimaging
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